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You really don’t have to be an expert to prune fruit trees. All it takes is a little common sense and a few helpful hints. As a rule of thumb, I place fruit trees in three different pruning categories: the ‘open centre’, the ‘central leader’ and the ‘espalier’ form.
Apples, pears and plums should have their centres opened up to allow more sun and air to penetrate.
This technique is called ‘open-vase’ pruning and it allows fruit to develop on the inside of the tree, on the tips and on the outward growing branches.
For this type of pruning, simply choose to retain three to five dominate branches radiating out from the main stem. These branches should be five or six feet off the ground, allowing you to comfortably walk or work under the tree without hitting your head. Once you have determined which branches you are going to keep, cut out any other branches left in the centre, as well as any inward growing ones. Next, cut out all the upward growing branches, leaving the tree looking like a very open ‘Y’. The remaining branches should be pruned back each year by approximately two feet, keeping this ‘Y’ formation intact.
A heavy pruning each year, unfortunately, results in a mass of water sprouts shooting out in all directions. To minimize this problem, once you have developed the tree’s ‘open-vase’ shape, you should switch to a training program rather than a pruning program. Training simply means weighing down the branches with soil-filled plastic bags to encourage growth in a horizontal pattern. This technique will minimize the need for massive pruning and greatly reduce the number of water sprouts you have to deal with each year. You will also find that these horizontal branches will be your best fruit-bearing stems. You will still have to cut them back by 18 to 24 inches to keep the tree’s size in check but this type of pruning will result in a tree that is far more productive and much easier to maintain.
Sweet cherries present a slightly different problem. They are perhaps the most vigorous of all fruit trees and resist any attempt to be pruned in an ‘open-vase’ shape. Sweet cherries tend to have a very strong stem or leader and because of that, they require ‘central leader’ pruning.
‘Central leader’ pruning simply means cutting back the main stem each year to control the rate of growth and at the same time, cutting back the outward growing branches even further, leaving an overall pyramidal form. If there are two or three strong central stems, it may be a good idea to eliminate all but one to avoid competition and to thin out the tree. The outward growing branches should be pruned back at a 45 degree angle. Next season the central leader may develop two or three new branches. The one that grows into the strongest and most upright main stem should be treated as your central leader and the other remaining stems can be removed or left, depending upon their growth habit. If they can be trained in an outward direction, simply cut them back next year on a 45 degree angle along with the other branches. Try, however, not to let the centre of the tree become cluttered. If you maintain the outside branches at a 45 degree angle each year, the result will be a tree which is fairly open and easy to maintain and one which will stay within reach of your ladder. Probably one of the best root stocks for cherry trees in a smaller home garden is the new dwarf, self-fertile varieties of Giesla root stock from Europe.
Espalier pruning is primarily done on trees such as peaches, nectarines and apricots. To minimizes disease problems such as ‘peach leaf curl’, these trees should be grown against the south or west side of a building.
Very compact apple and pear varieties are usually grown in the same manner, except out in the open against a fence or other support device. All that is necessary here is the removal of frontward and backward growing branches which don’t conform to an espalier formation. The most common problem is leaving too many branches on the tree, which causes over-production and simply clutters up the tree. Choose three to five sets of the strongest sideward-growing branches and remove the rest. If these branches have a tendency to grow upward, use a long bamboo pole as a T-bar to hold the branches in place. You will have to be quite ruthless in your pruning to maintain this very strict form. Most branches radiating off this framework will have to be removed, leaving many spurs and fruit buds along each stem.
You will probably run into a hundred questions once you start pruning. Many good, easy-to-understand books are available. Good pruning books will have excellent diagrams showing how your tree should look after each progressive season and as you know, pictures are worth a thousand words.
Often, garden stores offer pruning seminars at this time of year and I find them most helpful and informative.
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A bonus column from Brian Minter for Valentine’s Day…
Valentine’s Day is on Sunday and if you really want to make your special person happy, here is something you may find interesting.
The Society of American Florists, partnered with the world renowned researcher, Jeannette Haviland-Jones, Ph.D., of Rutgers University, researched the effect of flowers on human emotion and well being. Over a ten month period, some very interesting results were discovered. Dr. Haviland-Jones and her team found that the presence of flowers triggers happy emotions, heightens feelings of life satisfaction and affects future behaviour in a positive manner far beyond what is normally true. Flowers are a natural and healthful moderator of moods.
“Common sense tells us that flowers make us happy”, says Dr. Haviland-Jones, “and now science shows that not only do flowers make us happier than we know, they have strong positive effects on our emotional well being.”
Here are five main points as condensed from her report:
Flowers have an immediate impact on happiness. Study participants expressed true or excited smiles upon receiving flowers, demonstrating extraordinary delight and gratitude. This reaction was universal, occurring in all age groups.
Flowers have a long-term positive effect on moods. Study participants reported feeling less depressed, anxious and agitated after receiving flowers and demonstrated a higher sense of enjoyment and life satisfaction.
Flowers make intimate connections. The presence of flowers led to increased contact with family and friends.
Flowers are a symbol for sharing. The study explored where in their homes people displayed flowers. Once received, arrangements were placed in areas of the home that are open to visitors — such as foyers, living rooms and dining rooms — suggesting that flowers make the space more welcoming and create a sharing atmosphere.
People who buy more flowers are happier. Once learning the study results, participants in all age and gift categories reported that they would be buying more flowers in the future.
This may seem like a bit of promotion for the floral and horticultural industry but I thought these results would be interesting to everyone.
With so much stress and depression in today’s world, it’s great to know that something as simple as a bouquet of flowers can help to cheer someone up — a nice thought just before Valentine’s Day.